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The University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NZ, T +44 (0)1227 764000
Dr David WilkinsonSenior Lecturer in Psychology |
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Research interests
I am interested in how we make sense of the visual world, and conduct studies that investigate the underlying cognitive and biological bases of vision. My research relies on a variety of experimental approaches including normative behavioural testing, cognitive neuropsychology, brain stimulation, and functional neuro-imaging. Current research questions include:
- What is the nature of impairment in hemi-spatial neglect, prosopagnosia, and other cognitive disorders of vision?
- To what extent do signals from the vestibular system influence how we process incoming visual information?
- Can certain aspects of vision be enhanced via galvanic/caloric vestibular stimulation?
- To what extent is visual attention influenced by social factors?
I would welcome students who wish to conduct research in these areas.
Click on the links below to find out more about the psychological interventions on which I am currently working:
Using electrical stimulation to overcome visual impairment acquired through stroke:
www.ekhuft.nhs.uk/patients-and-visitors/services/a-z-of-services/neurology-services/potential-treatment-for-hemi-spatial-neglect/
Using vestibular stimulation to overcome face-blindness:
www.psylingse.co.uk/Site_2/Welcome.html
Using drama-based therapy to overcome the triad of Autistic impairment:
www.imaginingautism.org
Key publications
Wilkinson, D.T., Sakel, M., Camp, S.-J. et al. (2012). Patients with hemi-spatial neglect are more prone to limb spasticity, but this does not prolong their hospital stay. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (in press).
Wilkinson, D.T., Zubko, O., DeGutis, J. et al. (2010). Improvement of a figure copying deficit during sub-sensory galvanic vestibular stimulation. Journal of Neuropsychology, 4 (1), 107-118.
Wilkinson, D.T., Ko, P., McGlinchey, G. et al. (2008). Impaired search for orientation but not color in hemi-spatial neglect. Cortex, 44 (1), 68-78.
Wilkinson, D.T., Nicholls, S., Pattenden, C. et al. (2008). Galvanic vestibular stimulation speeds visual memory recall. Experimental Brain Research, 189 (2), 243-248.
Also view these in the Kent Academic Repository
Articles
Wilkinson, D.T. and Sakel, M. and Camp, S-J et al. (2012)
Patients with hemi-spatial neglect are more prone to limb spasticity, but this does not prolong their hospital stay.
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. ISSN 0003-9993. (in press)
Abstract
Objective: To determine whether stroke patients who suffer from hemi-spatial neglect tend to stay in hospital longer because they are prone to limb spasticity.
Design: Retrospective analysis of in-patient medical notes.
Setting: In-patient neuro-rehabilitation unit of a regional UK teaching hospital
Participants: All 106 patients admitted to the neuro-rehabilitation unit between 2008-2010 who had suffered a stroke, as confirmed by CT or MRI.
Intervention: Not applicable.
Main Outcome Measures: Statistical coincidence of hemi-spatial neglect and spasticity; Length of hospital stay.
Results: Chi-square analyses indicated that individuals with left neglect were nearly a third more likely to develop spasticity than those without neglect (87% vs. 57%), while nearly one half of those with left-sided spasticity showed neglect (44% vs. 13%). Individuals with neglect stayed in hospital 45 days
longer than those without neglect, but the presence/absence of spasticity did not affect length of stay.
Conclusions: The results provide the first statistical evidence that neglect and limb spasticity tend to co-occur post-stroke, though it is only the former that significantly prolongs stay. Diagnostic value aside, these results are important because they tell us that the treatment of neglect should not be overshadowed by efforts to reduce co-morbid spasticity. Despite its poor prognosis, hemi-spatial neglect continues to receive little targeted therapy in some units.
Slabu, L and Guinote, A. and Wilkinson, D.T. (2012)
Power Affects Attention Orienting.
Social Psychology. ISSN 1864-9335. (in press)
Abstract
This study investigated how power impacts the ability to orient attention across space. Participants were assigned to a high power or control role and then performed a computerised spatial cueing task in which they were required to direct their attention to a target that had been preceded by either a valid or invalid location cue. Compared to participants in the control condition, power-holders were better able to override the misinformation provided by invalid cues. This advantage occurred only at 500 ms stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA), whereas at 1000 ms SOA, when there was more time to prepare a response, no differences were found. These findings are taken to support the growing idea that social power affects cognitive flexibility.
Wilkinson, D.T. and Ferguson, Heather J. and Worley, Alan (2012)
Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation Modulates the Electrophysiological Response During Face Processing.
Visual Neuroscience. ISSN 0952-5238. (in press)
Abstract
Although galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) is known to affect the speed and accuracy of visual judgments, the underlying electrophysiological response has not been explored. In the present study, we therefore investigated the effect of GVS on the N170 event-related potential, a marker commonly associated with early visual structural encoding. To elicit the waveform, participants distinguished famous from non-famous faces that were presented in either upright or inverted orientation. Relative to a sham, stimulation increased the amplitude of the N170, and also elevated power spectra within the delta and theta frequency bands, components that have likewise been associated with face processing. This study constitutes the first attempt to model the effects of GVS on the electrophysiological response, and more specifically, indicates that uni-sensory visual processes linked to object construction are influenced by vestibular information. Given that reductions in the magnitude of both the N170 event-related potential and delta/theta activity accompany certain disease states, GVS may provide hitherto unreported therapeutic benefit.
Weick, Mario and Guinote, Ana and Wilkinson, D.T. (2011)
Lack of power enhances visual perceptual discrimination.
Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65 (3). pp. 208-213.
Abstract
Powerless individuals face much challenge and uncertainty. As a consequence, they are highly vigilant and closely scrutinize their social environments. The aim of the present research was to determine whether these qualities enhance performance in more basic cognitive tasks involving simple visual feature discrimination. To test this hypothesis, participants performed a series of perceptual matching and search tasks involving color, texture and size discrimination. As predicted, those primed with powerlessness generated shorter reaction times and made fewer eye movements than either powerful or control participants. The results indicate that the heightened vigilance shown by powerless individuals is associated with an advantage in performing simple types of psychophysical discrimination. These findings highlight, for the first time, an underlying competency in perceptual cognition that sets powerless individuals above their powerful counterparts, an advantage that may reflect functional adaptation to the environmental challenge and uncertainty that they face.
Wilkinson, D.T. and Sakel, Mohamed (2011)
The practical constraints of developing new therapies for hemi-spatial neglect in the US and UK.
NeuroRehabilitation, 28 (2). pp. 163-165. ISSN 1053-8135.
Abstract
Hemi-spatial neglect is a disabling, neuropsychological impairment that restricts the ability to attend to incoming information on one side space. Most frequently associated with a lesion to the right hemisphere, the disorder is strongly predictive of general functional recovery from stroke. Although the standard therapy is of limited effectiveness, pilot studies indicate that more effective treatments may follow. Interest in these new potential treatments is, however, beginning to wane as few have progressed to the stage of randomised, controlled clinical trials. In this brief commentary, we point out that the absence of trials data not only reflects the preliminary nature of new treatments, but also the practical difficulties associated with meeting the target enrolment figures of large-scale trials. These problems have likewise slowed the development of treatments for other cognitive disorders. We suggest ways in which this problem may be overcome.
Wilkinson, D.T. and Sakel, Mohamed (2011)
Visual neglect in horizontal and radial space: When left goes right, proximal goes distal.
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17 (5). pp. 943-947. ISSN 1355-6177.
Abstract
Hemi-spatial neglect can manifest in both the horizontal and radial spatial plane. However, debate exists over how closely the two forms of neglect relate. Here we compared the ability of a neglect patient to bisect stimuli in horizontal vs. radial orientation. When oriented horizontally, single lines were mis-bisected to the right, yet when surrounded by visual distracters, the lines were mis-bisected to the left. A leftward bias also emerged when horizontally-aligned strings of symbols were bisected. Unexpectedly, an analogous pattern of bias appeared when the stimuli were bisected in radial orientation; stimuli that induced a leftward bias now induced a proximal bias, while stimuli that induced a rightward bias induced a distal bias. Spontaneous reversals in radial bias have not been previously reported, and given that they were coupled with the horizontal reversals, imply that the spatial boundaries of horizontal and radial neglect are strongly constrained by common stimulus configurations.
Wilkinson, D.T. and Zubko, O. and DeGutis, J. et al. (2010)
Improvement of a figure copying deficit during sub-sensory galvanic vestibular stimulation.
Journal of Neuropsychology, 4 (1). pp. 107-118. ISSN 1748-6645.
Abstract
We describe the effects of galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) on an individual who, following right hemisphere stroke, is unable to copy figures accurately. His copies contain most of the constituent elements, but are poorly integrated and drawn in a seemingly haphazard manner. To test whether GVS could help overcome these difficulties, we administered the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure copy task while manipulating both the presence and laterality of the galvanic signal. The signal was applied at a level that was too low to elicit sensation which ensured that the individual was unaware of either when or on what side he was being stimulated. Relative to a sham condition, two consecutive blocks of GVS increased both the accuracy with which the main configural elements of the figure were reconstructed, and there was some, albeit less consistent evidence, that these were drawn in a more wholistic as opposed to piecemeal manner. Improvement was not reliant on the polarity of the stimulating electrodes. These results suggest that GVS can help overcome difficulties in the perception and/or reconstruction of hierarchical visual form, and thereby uncover a new link between vestibular information processing and visual task performance.
Wilkinson, D.T. and Guinote, Ana and Weick, Mario et al. (2010)
Feeling socially powerless makes you more prone to bumping into things on the right and induces leftward line bisection error.
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17 (6). pp. 910-914. ISSN 1069-9384.
Abstract
Social power affects the manner in which people view themselves and act towards others, a finding that has attracted broad interest from the social and political sciences. However, there has been little interest from those within cognitive neuroscience. Here we demonstrate that the effects of power extend beyond social interaction and invoke elementary spatial biases in behaviour consistent with preferential hemispheric activation. In particular, participants who felt relatively powerless, compared to those who felt more powerful, were more likely to bisect horizontal lines to the left of centre, and bump into the right-, as opposed to the left-hand, side when walking through a narrow passage. These results suggest that power induces hemispheric differences in visuo-motor behaviour, indicating that this ubiquitous phenomenon not only affects how we interact with one another, but also with the physical world.
Wilkinson, D.T. and Zubko, O. and Sakel, M. (2009)
Safety of Repeated Sessions of Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation following Stroke: A Single-Case Study.
Brain Injury, 23 (10). pp. 841-845. ISSN 0269-9052.
Abstract
Primary Objective: Galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) involves the delivery of small electrical current to the part of the scalp that overlies the vestibular nerves. A single, brief session transiently reduces certain types of stroke impairment with no reported side-effects. It is anticipated that further reductions will occur if the duration and frequency of stimulation is increased. The aim of the present study was to assess whether this increased exposure is well-tolerated and consistent with patient well-being.
Methods & Procedures: GVS was administered to a stroke sufferer on 5 consecutive days, each for 30mins at an intensity of 1milliamp. Tolerability was monitored via a range of behavioural scales sensitive to side-effects experienced during and after stimulation.
Results: No unpleasant sensations were reported during stimulation and no deterioration in global function was observed over the 5 day period.
Conclusion: The results imply that repeated applications of GVS are tolerable at the parameter settings applied, and provide the basis for larger-scale investigations of safety and efficacy.
Wilkinson, D.T. and Ko, P. and Wiriadjaja, A. et al. (2009)
Unilateral damage to the right cerebral hemisphere disrupts the apprehension of whole faces and their component parts.
Neuropsychologia, 47 (7). pp. 1701-1711. ISSN 0028-3932.
Abstract
Although most cases of acquired prosopagnosia are accompanied by bilateral brain lesions, a number also arise following right unilateral lesions. The prevailing consensus is that right hemisphere damage disrupts the configural apprehension of faces, which in turn forces a reliance on part-based processing. Here we describe a patient who following right hemisphere damage is not only unable to apprehend the configural aspects of faces, but is also unable to apprehend their component parts when these are presented within a whole, upright face. Intriguingly, the patient is able to apprehend face parts when these are presented in isolation, within inverted faces, or in unfamiliar, scrambled arrangements. Furthermore, the patient can make use of configural information to detect local changes in non-face stimuli. The findings uncover a hitherto unreported form of impairment following right unilateral damage, and raise questions about the role of the left hemisphere in processing local information.
Guinote, Ana and Reese, Gerhard and Wilkinson, D.T. (2009)
A Powerful Vision: Power Affects Visual Search Behavior.
Psicologia, 13 (1). pp. 127-148.
Abstract
Preliminary studies indicate that being in a powerful or powerless position affects the individuals ability to focus on task relevant information. In the present study, we examined which components of attention are affected by power using visual search paradigms. In three studies, participants were first primed with power or powerless, and then performed visual search tasks. In these tasks the contribution of top-down and bottom-up attentional guidance was manipulated by altering either the physical or semantic similarity between target and distracters. The results indicate that social power affects the speed of visual search. Furthermore, these effects derive from differences in top-down, but not bottom-up, components of attention, and occur both when targets are discriminated on the basis of perceptual as well as semantic properties.
Wilkinson, D.T. and Ko, P. and McGlinchey, G. et al. (2008)
Impaired search for orientation but not color in hemi-spatial neglect.
Cortex, 44 (1). pp. 68-78. ISSN 0010-9452.
Abstract
Patients with hemi-spatial neglect have trouble finding targets defined by a conjunction of visual features. The problem is widely believed to stem from a high-level deficit in attentional deployment, which in turn has led to disagreement over whether the detection of basic features is also disrupted. If one assumes that the detection of salient visual features can be based on the output of spared 'preattentive' processes (Treisman and Gelade, 1980), then feature detection should remain intact. However, if one assumes that all forms of detection require at least a modicum of focused attention (Duncan and Humphreys, 1992), then all forms of search will be disrupted to some degree. Here we measured the detection of feature targets that were defined by either a unique color or orientation. Comparable detection rates were observed in non-neglected space, which indicated that both forms of search placed similar demands on attention. For either of the above accounts to be true, the two targets should therefore be detected with equal efficiency in the neglected field. We found that while the detection rate for color was normal in four of our five patients, all showed an increased reaction time and/or error rate for orientation. This result points to a selective deficit in orientation discrimination, and implies that neglect disrupts specific feature representations. That is, the effects of neglect on visual search are not only attentional but also perceptual. (c) 2007 Elsevier Masson Srl. All rights reserved.
Wilkinson, D.T. and Nicholls, S. and Pattenden, C. et al. (2008)
Galvanic vestibular stimulation speeds visual memory recall.
Experimental Brain Research, 189 (2). pp. 243-248. ISSN 0014-4819.
Abstract
The experiments of Alessandro Volta were amongst the first to indicate that visuo-spatial function can be altered by stimulating the vestibular nerves with galvanic current. Until recently, the beneficial effects of the procedure were masked by the high levels of electrical current applied, which induced nystagmus-related gaze deviation and spatial disorientation. However, several neuropsychological studies have shown that much weaker, imperceptible currents that do not elicit unpleasant side-effects can help overcome visual loss after stroke. Here, we show that visual processing in neurologically healthy individuals can also benefit from galvanic vestibular stimulation. Participants first learnt the names of eight unfamiliar faces and then after a short delay, answered questions from memory about how pairs of these faces differed. Mean correct reaction times were significantly shorter when sub-sensory, noise-enhanced anodal stimulation was administered to the left mastoid, compared to when no stimulation was administered at all. This advantage occurred with no loss in response accuracy, and raises the possibility that the procedure may constitute a more general form of cognitive enhancement.
Wilkinson, D.T. and Ko, P. and Kilduff, P. et al. (2005)
Improvement of a face perception deficit via sub-sensory galvanic vestibular stimulation.
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11 (7). pp. 925-929. ISSN 1355-6177.
Abstract
The remediative effect of galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) was investigated in a patient who, following right hemisphere damage, is profoundly unable to recognize faces. We administered a two-alternative forced choice match-to-sample task in which the patient had to choose which of two faces matched a sample face presented directly above, while bipolar, transcutaneous Current was applied to the left and right Vestibular nerves at a level below the patient's sensory threshold. Performance improved beyond the chance-level observed prestimulation. and relied on reversing the electrode polarity across two separate blocks of trials. such that each mastoid received positive current for one block and then negative charge for the next. Although our study involved only a single case, the data provide preliminary evidence that a deficit in perceptual face matching can be reduced by GVS. This raises the intriguing possibility that other unilateral visual disorders may also respond in such a manner.
Wilkinson, D.T. and Halligan, P.W. (2004)
The relevance of behavioural measures for functional-imaging studies of cognition.
Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5 (1). pp. 67-73. ISSN 1471-003X.
Abstract
The psychological structure of cognition is
often inferred from conjoint measures of
behaviour (such as reaction time) and brain
activation (such as cerebral blood flow). In
many experiments these measures produce
divergent results. One example is v^^here a
significant pattern of brain activation occurs
without a corresponding change in overt
behaviour. In such circumstances, can
cognitive theory be informed from brainactivation
data alone? Or, given the more
established link between behaviour and
cognition, is behavioural corroboration
necessary?
Wilkinson, D.T. and Halligan, P.W. (2003)
The effects of stimulus size on bisection judgments in near and far space.
Visual Cognition, 10 (3). pp. 319-340. ISSN 1350-6285.
Abstract
Primate data suggest that near (peripersonal) and far (extrapersonal) space are coded within distinct representations. Support for this claim has been gained from human studies of line bisection, many of which have focused on neuropsychological, rather than normative, samples. One important aspect of these bisection studies has been to control for the changes in angular extent of stimuli that normally accompany changes in viewing distance. The control of angular information, however, requires alterations in the linear dimensions (actual stimulus size) of stimuli. We report two experiments in which normal subjects made manual bisection judgements on stimuli positioned in near or far space, and which were oriented in either the left-right (Experiment 1) or radial plane (Experiment 2). Both experiments were designed to enable the separable effects of linear and angular extent to be disentangled. Viewing distance effects were obtained when angular information was controlled, but many of these were dependent on changes in linear extent, and were only apparent at the individual subject level. Our data confirm that genuine near/far effects may be observed in normative bisection, but that many previous studies which appeared to support a near/far distinction in both normal and brain-damaged bisection behaviour may reflect a failure to control for changes in stimulus size.
Wilkinson, D.T. and Halligan, P.W. (2003)
Stimulus symmetry affects the bisection of figures but not lines: evidence from event-related fMRI.
Neuroimage, 20 (3). pp. 1756-1764. ISSN 1053-8119.
Abstract
Many geometric shapes retain their symmetry when bisected, but appear asymmetrical when misbisected. We have previously shown that this correspondence can guide the accuracy and speed of perceptual bisection (Landmark) judgments. Using event-related fMRI, here we examined whether the behavioural effects of symmetry are also evident at the neural level. The data showed that the presence/absence of symmetry modulates the activity of right anterior cingulate gyrus, an area associated with a variety of higher level attentional functions. A previous visual half-field study also showed that bisected lines are apprehended more quickly and accurately than misbisected lines in right, but not left, visual field. We were able to localise this advantage to right superior temporal gyrus. Significantly, we found no evidence that symmetry played a role in apprehending the midpoint of the line stimuli traditionally used to assess visual neglect. The data clarify the effects of visual symmetry on bisection behaviour, and highlight novel dissociations within the neural systems thought to underline Landmark performance.
Wilkinson, D.T. and Halligan, P.W. and Henson, R.N. et al. (2002)
The effects of interdistracter similarity on search processes in superior parietal cortex.
Neuroimage, 15 (3). pp. 611-619. ISSN 1053-8119.
Abstract
The superior parietal lobe has been associated with the spatial integration of visual features, an important step in the detection of particular form conjunctions. However, behavioral research has indicated that when target items can be segmented from neighboring distracters via similarity grouping, detection may not rely on spatial integration. The question therefore arises as to whether the superior parietal cortex is an integral component of conjunction search or only important in the absence of certain grouping relations. Here, we acquired measures of reaction time and event-related fMRI, while subjects searched for conjunction targets in displays containing either homogeneous or heterogeneous distracters. We confirm that under conditions of low distracter similarity, search involves parietal-motor areas associated with spatial selection. However, we also demonstrate that under conditions of high distracter similarity, search is instead associated with activation of right temporal-parietal cortex. These results suggest that the superior parietal cortex is not a necessary component of visual conjunction search and highlight a new role for the right temporal-parietal cortex in perceptual grouping. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).
Wilkinson, D.T. and Halligan, P.W. (2002)
The effects of stimulus symmetry on Landmark judgments in left and right visual fields.
Neuropsychologia, 40 (7). pp. 1045-1058. ISSN 0028-3932.
Abstract
Line bisection impairment is greater following right compared to left hemisphere damage, suggesting that some of the underlying visuo-spatial mechanisms may be lateralised. One important perceptual component of line bisection is estimating stimulus midpoint. Here, we used a modified version of the perceptual landmark task to examine, in healthy individuals, how the midpoint of a stimulus is apprehended, and if the cerebral hemispheres are equally as efficient in performing such a task. We show that the right, relative to the left, hemisphere is both faster and more accurate at apprehending prebisected lines, but no better at apprehending misbisected lines. We then demonstrate that the right hemisphere advantage stems from a specialisation in detecting stimulus symmetry; by associating prebisected lines with the presence of display symmetry, transect location can be inferred without having to explicitly calculate the midpoint of lines. The findings provide a further reason why right hemisphere damage is so deterimental to perceptual line bisection. In addition, the data indicate that the detection of visual symmetry is preferentially lateralised to the right hemisphere
Wilkinson, D.T. and Halligan, P.W. and Henson, R. et al. (2001)
Similarity based grouping in right temporal-parietal cortex: Implications for deficits in hierarchical selection.
Neuroimage, 13 (6). pp. 371. ISSN 1053-8119.
Wilkinson, D.T. and Halligan, P.W. and Marshall, J.C. et al. (2001)
Switching between the forest and the trees: brain systems involved in local/global changed-level judgments.
Neuroimage, 13 (1). pp. 56-67. ISSN 1053-8119.
Abstract
Visual targets can be coded, in relative terms, at either the local or the global level of stimuli. Previous studies have indicated that targets are identified more slowly when they appear at a new hierarchical level, compared to when they reappear at the same level as in the previous trial. In the present study, we used measures of reaction time and event-related fMRI to investigate factors affecting this switch cost. In particular, we examined the effects of the number of repeated-level trials preceding a switch and whether the cue to switch was either externally or internally mediated. At the behavioral level we found that (1) the time taken to identify a target on a changed-level trial is longer following four repeated-level trials compared to two repeated-level trials, but that runs of six do not produce additional costs over four, and (2) targets can be identified faster following externally cued switches compared to internally mediated switches. Ne then show that these behavioral effects are associated with distinct patterns of neural activation. Switches performed after two repeated-level trials preferentially activated the precuneus, while those performed after bath four and six activated bilateral inferior parietal cortex and motor hand area. Relative to external switches, internal snitches activated the putamen, while both kinds of switch conjointly activated the large-scale network proposed to underlie internal/external switches in nonhierarchical tasks. Our data further clarify the mechanisms mediating hierarchical selection. (C) 2001 Academic Press.
Current research students
Serena Vanzan: The effects of vestibular stimulation on awareness
Olga Zubko: Sources of individual variability in face recognition
2011-2014 |
Imagining autism: drama, performance and intermediaility as interventions for autistic spectrum conditions |
£430,234 |
2011-2013 |
Flexibility & Sustainability Funding |
£10,500 |
2011-2013 |
Does repeated vestibular stimulation induce lasting recovery from hemi-spatial neglect? |
£313,752 |
2011-2012 |
British Academy Small Research Grant |
£7,490 |
2010-2013 |
Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and other Dementias |
£95,000 |
2009-2010 |
The effect of galvanic vestibular stimulation and non-spatial attention training on hemi-spatial neglect |
$50,000 |
2008-2009 |
The Cognitive Basis of Social Power |
£102,258 |
2006-2007 |
The effect of electrode placement during galvanic vestibular stimulation on the rehabilitation of visual neglect |
£689 |
Honorary positions
Academic Research Fellow, East Kent Hospitals Trust, UK.
Member of the East Kent Hospitals Trust Research & Development Committee.
Investigator, Geriatric Neuropsychology Laboratory, VA Boston Healthcare System & Harvard Medical School, Boston, U.S.A. (http://www.heartbrain.com)
Professional membership
Experimental Psychology Society
University of Kent Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems
Contact
School of Psychology
Keynes College
University of Kent
Canterbury, Kent
CT2 7NP
United Kingdom
Tel. +44 (0)1227 824772
Fax. +44 (0)1227 827030
Email: David Wilkinson
Office: Keynes A3.05
Office Hours: Tuesday 11am-12 noon and Thursday 2-3pm