School of Psychology

Experience Excellence Studying People


Dr Theresa Gannon

Deputy Head of School
Director of the Centre of Research & Education in Forensic Psychology
Reader in Forensic Psychology
Chartered Forensic Psychologist

Theresa Gannon

Research interests

  • The cognition of child molesters, rapists, and violent offenders.
  • Female sex offenders.
  • The rehabilitation and treatment of sexual offenders.
  • Applied cognitive-experimental psychology.
  • Arson and firesetting.

Research on female sex offenders

I have been researching female sexual offending over the past few years. I first began researching female sexual offenders in 2006 when I was awarded an Economic and Social Research Council Grant to investigate female sexual offenders’ offence supportive beliefs (Gannon, T. A., & Rose, M. R. (2009) Offence-related interpretative bias in female child molesters: A preliminary study. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 21, 194- 207, and Gannon, T. A., Rose, M. R., & Williams, S. E. (2009). Do female child molesters hold implicit associations between children and sex? A preliminary investigation. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 15, 55-61).

I have also expanded my interests in female sexual offenders through investigating the offending styles of female sexual offenders, and through developing the first model of female sexual offending. This model is called the Descriptive Model of Female Sexual Offending and outlines the role of cognitive, behavioural, affective, and contextual factors associated with female perpetrated abuse. I am currently working on further developing this model, but it can be used as a preliminary guide to treatment in its current form and we have written a publication outlining some key case studies which we hope might be useful to treatment professionals (Gannon, T. A., Rose, M. R., & Ward, T. (in press). Pathways to female sexual offending: A preliminary study. Psychology, Crime and Law).

My key collaborators on the topic of female-perpetrated sexual offending are Mariamne Rose (Clinical Psychologist in Training) and Dr Franca Cortoni (University of Montreal). Mariamne and I have written some key reviews on the nature and extent of female-perpetrated abuse (Gannon, T. A., & Rose, M. R. (2008). Female child sexual offenders: Towards integrating theory and practice. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13, 6, 442-461), and Franca Cortoni and I have just completed a co-edited book together on the topic of female-perpetrated abuse which is due out early 2010 [click here to see a sample introductory chapter].

To request an interview with Dr Gannon on the topic of female sexual offenders, or any of her specialist research interests please contact the Media Office at the University of Kent:

Tel: 01227 823581/823100
Email: MediaOffice@kent.ac.uk

Key publications

Gannon, T. (2010). Female arsonists: Key features, psychopathologies and treatment needs. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 73, 173-189.

Gannon, T. A., & Rose, M. R. (2009) Offence-related interpretative bias in female child molesters: A preliminary study. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 21, 194-207.

Gannon, T. A., Rose, M. R., & Ward, T. (2008). A descriptive model of the offense process for female sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 20, 352-374.

Gannon, T. A., Ward, T., Collie, R. M., & Thakker, J. (2008). Rape: Psychopathology, theory and treatment. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 982-1008.

Also view these in the Kent Academic Repository
Books
Articles

    pdf
    Ó Ciardha, Caoilte and Gannon, T.A. (2012) The Implicit Theories of Firesetters: A Preliminary Conceptualization. Aggression and Violent Behavior: A Review Journal, 17 (2). pp. 122-128. ISSN 1359-1789.

    Abstract

    The importance of cognition in the facilitation and reinforcement of criminal behavior has been highlighted and recognized in numerous offender populations. In particular, professionals have theorized that various offender populations hold offense-supportive schemas or implicit theories that require treatment in therapy. However, the role of cognition in deliberate firesetting has received no focused conceptual or theoretical attention. Using current research evidence and theory relating to general cognition and the characteristics of firesetters, this paper outlines a preliminary conceptual framework of the potential cognitions (in the form of implicit theories) that are likely to characterize firesetters. Five implicit theories are proposed that may be associated with firesetting behavior. The content, structure, and etiological functions of these implicit theories are described as well as the cognitive similarities between firesetters and other offender types. Future research implications and practical implications of the proposed implicit theories are also discussed.

    Ó Ciardha, Caoilte and Gannon, T.A. (2011) The cognitive distortions of child molesters are in need of treatment. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 17 (2). pp. 130-141. ISSN 1355-2600.

    Abstract

    This paper forms the second part of a debate led by Marshall, Marshall, and Kingston (2011) regarding the need to address so-called cognitive distortions in sexual offender treatment. In their paper, Marshall et al. argue that so-called cognitive distortions may not necessarily require intense and focused attention or challenge throughout treatment. In evaluating Marshall et al.'s arguments, we highlight some inherent differences in how both Marshall et al. and ourselves choose to define the term "cognitive distortion". We surmise that these key definitional differences appear to account for many of the issues that we "debate". In particular, for example, Marshall et al. focus their arguments regarding cognitive distortions more explicitly upon excuses, denial and minimisations, whereas we choose to focus upon schemas and higher-order belief structures. Thus, we argue that the broadness and vagueness of the term "cognitive distortion" can lend itself to quite different interpretations and research foci. We offer some alternative views to Marshall et al.'s position and advocate the consideration of cognitions with an aetiological role in offending. We conclude with some suggestions for future research and treatment.

    Gannon, T.A. and Ó Ciardha, Caoilte and Doley, Rebecca et al. (2011) The Multi-Trajectory Theory of Adult Firesetting (M-TTAF). Aggression and Violent Behavior: A Review Journal. ISSN 1359-1789.

    Abstract

    The assessment and treatment of adults who set fires deliberately are underdeveloped relative to other areas of forensic-clinical psychology. From a scientist–practitioner perspective, all clinical assessment and treatment should be guided by a theoretical and empirically based understanding of the presenting clinical phenomena. In this paper, we critically review current typologies, motives, and theories regarding the etiological features of deliberate adult firesetting. Then, using a theory knitting perspective, we synthesize the prime parts of this information into a comprehensive multifactorial framework of deliberate firesetting. The resulting Multi-Trajectory Theory of Adult Firesetting (M-TTAF) is an integration of current theory, typological, and research knowledge into a comprehensive etiological theory of firesetting along with its maintenance, and desistence. In addition to this overall theoretical framework, we summarize five associated prototypical firesetting trajectories (or patterns of characteristics leading to the firesetting behavior) that stem from our theoretical work. We examine this new theory according to key evaluative components associated with theory construction and conclude by highlighting the M-TTAF's potential application in future research and practice innovation with adult firesetters.

    Pina, Afroditi and Gannon, T.A. (2010) An overview of the literature on antecedents, perceptions and behavioural consequences of sexual harassment. Journal of Sexual Aggression, iFirst. ISSN 1355-2600.

    Abstract

    The detrimental effects of sexual harassment have been documented in the literature over the past 35 years, and recognized as a serious problem for all working women. In this paper, we review the existing research surrounding the phenomenon of sexual harassment, focusing upon the factors that may facilitate its occurrence.We also provide an overview of the differences in perceptions of what constitutes sexual harassment according to gender, organizational power and context. The negative impact of sexual harassment on its victims is also reviewed. Finally, the relatively new research on victims’ responses to sexual harassment experiences and the link between this work and the stress and coping literature is recognized. Several suggestions are made for future research, policy making and treatment avenues.

    Gannon, T.A. and Pina, A. (2010) Firesetting: Psychopathology, theory and treatment. Aggression and Violent Behavior: A Review Journal., 15 (3). pp. 224-238. ISSN 1359-1789.

    Abstract

    In this paper, we comprehensively review characteristics of adult firesetters, and the etiological features of firesetting. In particular, we pay attention to contemporary research available as to core traits and psychopathological features required to understand firesetters, and the classificatory systems and etiological theories developed to understand firesetting. This evaluation of contemporary research suggests that clinical knowledge and practice relating to firesetting is extremely underdeveloped relative to other areas of forensicclinical psychology.We conclude that there are very few etiological theories available to guide consulting clinicians in this area, and little information available specifying the exact criminogenic needs associated with firesetters, or how these needs compare to other offender groups. The significant lack of contemporary treatment programs designed to target firesetting behavior is also noted.We conclude by highlighting core areas for future research and treatment progression.

    Polaschek, D.L.L. and Calvert, S.W. and Gannon, T.A. (2009) Linking violent thinking: Implicit theory-based research with violent offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24 (1). pp. 75-96. ISSN 0886-2605.

    Abstract

    Violent offenders often articulate offense-supportive cognitions during rehabilitation, yet these statements have received little theoretical attention, and intervention approaches have targeted each type of statement individually, as if they were unrelated. An implicit theory approach to cognitions has proved fruitful for research and intervention. The authors apply it to violent offenders. The first study presents a grounded theory investigation of offense-supportive cognition in prisoners attending an intensive rehabilitation program for violent offenders. Analysis of offense transcripts enabled the identification of several implicit theories. These results were refined with a second sample and trialed in the rehabilitation program. Findings suggest that several implicit theories held by violent offenders are linked to each other through the widespread normalization of violence. Few offenders experienced their violent behavior as abnormal, or completely outside of their control, once initiated. The authors make suggestions for enhancing the empirical status of this research domain, particularly through experimental investigations.

    Gannon, T.A. and Keown, K. and Rose, M.R. (2009) An Examination of Current Psychometric Assessments of Child Molesters Offense-Supportive Beliefs Using Ward's Implicit Theories. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 53 (3). pp. 316-333. ISSN 0306-624X.

    Abstract

    Are current questionnaire methods fit for the task of assessing offense-related schemas? Six published and unpublished questionnaire measures that assess child molesters' offense-related beliefs are evaluated and examined for evidence of the five implicit schemas proposed by Ward: children as sexual beings, nature of harm, uncontrollability, entitlement, and dangerous world. Current treatment approaches assume that child molesters hold some, if not all, of these implicit schemas-an assumption demonstrated through the use of appropriately modified schema-based treatment techniques. Coding the six questionnaires revealed that nonsexual offense-specific implicit theories are underrepresented on existing measures (i.e., uncontrollability, entitlement, and dangerous world) and that many questionnaire items could not be classified as tapping any implicit theories. Suggestions are made for the future design and revision of questionnaire assessments.

    Oliver, C.J. and Watson, D.G. and Gannon, T.A. et al. (2009) The Effect of Sexual Priming Cues on Emotional Recognition in Nonviolent Child Sexual Abusers. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 53 (3). pp. 292-304. ISSN 0306-624X.

    Abstract

    This article describes a study that used a computer-based task to investigate the emotional recognition skills of child sexual abusers. The experiment consisted of two phases (prime and probe) and measured both response time and error rates to facial expressions. The priming phase of the experiment consisted of the presentation of short phrases via computer of either sexual or neutral content. The probe phase of the experiment consisted of the presentation of adult facial expressions depicting either the emotion fear or surprise. Results showed child sexual abusers to be slightly less accurate overall. Furthermore, contrary to prediction, the effect of sexual priming appeared to make child sexual abusers actually better at recognizing fearful faces (p = .055). This result is discussed in relation to current victim empathy theory and treatment implications for sexual offenders.

    Pina, A. and Gannon, T.A. and Saunders, B. (2009) An overview of the literature on sexual harassment: Perpetrator, theory, and treatment issues. Aggression and Violent Behavior: A Review Journal., 14 (2). pp. 126-138. ISSN 1359-1789.

    Abstract

    Sexual harassment has been recognized as a serious problem in the literature over the past 30 years. In this paper, we review the existing research surrounding the phenomenon of sexual harassment, paying particular attention to factors of relevance for understanding perpetrators of sexual harassment. We also provide an overview of the perplexing nature of sexual harassment and the various concerns that have surrounded the topic leading to its recognition. The different theoretical perspectives and models of sexual harassment (sociocultural, organizational, sex-role spillover, natural/biological, socio-cognitive, and four-factor) are also considered and reviewed. Finally, lack of empirical evidence and focus on assessment and treatment for harassers is recognized in this paper, and several suggestions are made for future research and treatment avenues relating to the sexual harasser.

    Gannon, Theresa (2009) Social cognition in violent and sexual offending: an overview. Psychology, Crime & Law, 15 (2-3). pp. 97-118. ISSN 1068-316X.

    Abstract

    The main aim of this review is to provide a broad overview of social-cognitive theory and research applied to violent and sexual offending behaviour. The review suggests that there is some variation in the adoption of social-cognitive theory and methods to differing offending behaviours. The violent offending literature, for example, has many examples of novel social-cognitive research methods used to examine the cognitions of highly aggressive men while the child sexual offending literature has very few examples of such social-cognitive techniques. The advantages of adopting a social-cognitive perspective to differing offending behaviours is examined and discussed alongside suggestions for future research in the social-cognitive domain.

    Blake, E. and Gannon, T.A. (2008) Social Perception Deficits, Cognitive Distortions, and Empathy Deficits in Sex Offenders: A Brief Review. Trauma Violence Abuse, 9 (1). pp. 34-55. ISSN 1524-8380.

    Abstract

    This literature review examines the differences between sex offenders and nonoffenders with regard to social perception skills, cognitive distortions, and empathy skills in order to investigate sex offenders' cognition. The literature on cognitive distortions is discussed, with reference to the confusion surrounding its definition, and the debate between cognitive distortions as offense-supportive beliefs or justifications is examined. In terms of social perception, particular reference is made to sex offenders' misinterpretations of women's social cues and the source of this deficit. The authors discuss possibilities for this deficit, including offense-supportive beliefs that are driven by underlying implicit theories or schemata held by offenders. The concept of empathy and its relation to both social perception skills and cognitive distortions is discussed, and the integration of these factors is represented in a new model.

    Navathe, S. and Ward, T. and Gannon, T.A. (2008) Cognitive distortions in child sex offenders: An overview of theory, research & practice. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 4 (3). pp. 111-122. ISSN 1556-3693.

    Abstract

    A great deal of clinical and research attention has been paid to understanding and explaining child sex offenders' social cognition. Cognitive distortions have been implicated as a core feature of child sex offenders' offense supportive cognition. The primary aim of this paper is to critically evaluate the phenomenon of cognitive distortions as currently understood with respect to child sex offenders: it reviews the theoretical and research literature and highlights the implications for clinical practice.

    Keown, K. and Gannon, T.A. and Ward, T. (2008) What were they thinking? An exploration of child sexual offenders' beliefs using a lexical decision task. Psychology, Crime and Law,, 14 (4). pp. 317-337.

    Abstract

    Cognitive distortions have been afforded a key role in the offending behaviour of child sexual offenders. While the mechanisms underlying cognitive distortions are not fully understood, they are generally thought to reflect entrenched beliefs that distinguish child sexual offenders from other individuals. We investigated this hypothesis using a robust experimental technique called the lexical decision task. Child sexual offenders, offender controls, and non-offender controls completed a lexical decision task in which they responded to words that completed sentences in either an offence-supportive or nonoffence-supportive manner. Contrary to predictions, child sexual offenders did not respond faster to words that were consistent with offence-supportive beliefs, relative to controls. However, they did show accelerated recognition for word stems supporting external locus of control beliefs. These results highlight the need to use cognitive experimental methods to study child sexual offenders' beliefs, and the importance of investigating potential alternative drivers of cognitive distortions.

    Gannon, T.A. and Collie, R.M. and Ward, T. et al. (2008) Rape: Psychopathology, theory and treatment. Clinical Psychology Review, 28 (6). pp. 982-1008. ISSN 0272-7358.

    Abstract

    Whether treatment programs are effective at rehabilitating rapists is yet to be determined empirically. From a scientist–practitioner perspective, treatment should be based on an empirical understanding of rape and rapists, and evidence-based knowledge of treatment outcome with rapists. In this paper we comprehensively review the characteristics of rapists, etiological features implicated in the commission of rape, and relevant treatment outcome research. We pay particular attention to contemporary knowledge about the core vulnerabilities and features required to understand and treat rapists effectively, and, where possible, highlight similarities and differences between rapists, child molesters and non-sexual violent offenders. We use an epistemological framework to (a) critique the various etiological accounts of rape available and (b) help guide professionals' use of such knowledge in both treatment design and evaluation. Gaps in the understanding of rapists' characteristics and etiological features are highlighted, as are discrepancies between current knowledge and treatment approaches. We conclude by highlighting areas for future research and practice innovation.

    Gannon, T.A. and Rose, M.R. and Ward, T. (2008) A Descriptive Model of the Offense Process for Female Sexual Offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 20 (3). pp. 352-374.

    Abstract

    Although considerable efforts have been made to develop and validate etiological models of male sexual offending, no theory is available to guide research or practice with female sexual offenders (FSOs). In this study, the authors developed a descriptive, offense process model of female sexual offending. Systematic qualitative analyses (i.e., grounded theory) of 22 FSOs' offense interviews were used to develop a temporal model documenting the contributory roles of cognitive, behavioral, affective, and contextual factors in female sexual abuse. The model highlights notable similarities and divergences between male and female sexual offenders' vulnerability factors and offense styles. In particular, the model incorporates male co-offender and group co-offender influences and describes how these interact with vulnerability factors to generate female sexual offending. The gender-specific research and clinical implications of the model are discussed.

    Keown, K. and Gannon, T.A. and Ward, T. (2008) The effects of visual priming on information processing in child sexual offenders. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 14 (2). pp. 145-159. ISSN 1355-2600.

    Abstract

    Child sexual offenders are hypothesized to hold offence-supportive beliefs that set them apart from others. The current study seeks support for this view via a cognitive-experimental approach. Child sexual offenders and offender controls were exposed to pictures of semi-clothed children (priming condition) or clothed, mature adults (control condition). Participants then read ambiguous sentences describing children's actions that could be interpreted in a sexualized manner. Next, participants completed a surprise recognition test in which half the sentences were re-presented in an unambiguously sexual form, and half in an unambiguously non-sexual form. Contrary to hypotheses, primed and/or control child sexual offenders did not show a memory bias for sexualized sentences, suggesting that they did not interpret the original sentences in line with offence-supportive beliefs. Results raise questions about whether child sexual offenders universally hold abnormal beliefs that facilitate their offending. Results also highlight the need for further experimental research within this field.

    Hutchings, J.N. and Gannon, T.A. and Gilchrist, E. (2008) A Preliminary Investigation of a New Pictorial Method of Measuring Aggression-Supportive Cognition amongst Young Aggressive Males. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology.

    Abstract

    A new pictorial assessment was developed to measure aggression-supportive cognitions among young aggressive male students. The assessment was comprised of 17 watercolor ambiguous sketches that could be interpreted in either an aggressive or a benign manner (e.g., two young people facing each other with their arms folded). The results showed that high trait aggressive male students were more likely to make hostile attributions of the pictures, providing significantly more themes of entitlement and power in the stories they generated about the pictures. Aggressive male students also endorsed significantly more aggression-supportive cognitions on a self-report measure and provided some supporting qualitative accounts of physically aggressive encounters. The results of this study are discussed and evaluated with reference to future work with young violent adolescents.

    Gannon, T.A. and Rose, M.R. (2008) Female child sexual offenders: Towards integrating theory and practice. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13 (6). pp. 442-461. ISSN 1359-1789.

    Abstract

    Female-perpetrated child sexual abuse is beginning to be recognized as a significant problem in Western society. Despite this, however, relatively few researchers and professionals have conducted research of direct relevance for treating female child sexual offenders (FCSOs). In this review, we synthesize and update the available literature examining FCSOs' socio-demographic features, available typological distinctions, and research investigating the potential treatment needs of FCSOs. Our evaluation of the latest research suggests that researchers have spent the majority of their attention examining either socio-demographic or typological features of FCSOs at the expense of developing research investigating FCSOs' treatment requirements. We suggest that future research in this area should concentrate on developing research and adapting methods established with male sexual offenders to enable adequate and informative investigation of FCSOs' treatment needs. We anticipate that future research directed towards investigating this area will promote more effective empirically-driven clinical practice with FCSOs.

    Gannon, T.A. and Ward, T. and Collie, R.M. (2007) Cognitive distortions in childmolesters: theoretical and research developments over the last two decades. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12 (4). pp. 402-416. ISSN 1359-1789.

    Abstract

    Cognitive distortions have become an important focus for professionals working with child molesters since the early 1980s. In this paper, we describe and discuss both the theoretical and methodological developments of child molester's cognitive distortions that have evolved over the past two decades. We conclude that although theory and research development has been a little slow in this topic, several interesting theoretical and methodological developments have been made in recent years. We describe how we believe such developments will further increase the conceptual clarity of cognitive distortions and provide some suggestions for other future developments in this field.

    Gannon, T.A. and Keown, K. and Polaschek, D.L.L. (2007) Increasing honest responding on cognitive distortions in child molesters: The bogus pipeline revisited. Journal of Sexual Abuse - a Journal of Research and Treatment, 19 (1). pp. 5-22. ISSN 1079-0632.

    Abstract

    Questionnaires are relied upon by forensic psychologists, clinicians, researchers, and social services to assess child molesters' (CMs') offense-supportive beliefs (or cognitive distortions). In this study, we used an experimental procedure to evaluate whether extrafamilial CMs underreported their questionnaire-assessed beliefs. At time one, 41 CMs were questionnaire-assessed under standard conditions (i.e., they were free to impression manage). At time two, CMs were questionnaire-assessed again; 18 were randomly attached to a convincing fake lie detector (a bogus pipeline), the others were free to impression manage. The results showed that bogus pipeline CMs significantly increased cognitive distortion endorsements compared to their own previous endorsements, and their control counterparts' endorsements. The findings are the first experimental evidence showing that CMs consciously depress their scores on transparent questionnaires.

    Gannon, T.A. and Beech, A.R. and Ward, T. (2007) Does the polygraph lead to better risk prediction for sexual offenders. Aggression and Violent Behavior: A Review Journal., 13 (1). pp. 29-44. ISSN 1359-1789.

    Abstract

    The polygraph is receiving increased attention surrounding its ability to facilitate more honest disclosures from sexual offenders concerning risk-related information (e.g., historical risk factors and acute-dynamic risk factors). In addition, the polygraph has become accepted as a standard containment tool in the US, although UK professionals appear to have taken a more cautionary approach. The aim of this review is to provide a basic overview of current risk assessment procedure in the absence of the polygraph, and then to investigate studies that use the polygraph to enhance sexual offenders' risk assessments. Specifically, studies examining historical risk factors, stable-dynamic risk factors, and acute-dynamic risk factors are examined and evaluated. We conclude that there is reasonable evidence supporting polygraph use in some areas of risk assessment. However, the vast majority of studies suffers from serious confounds that should be taken into account by professionals who use the polygraph as a standard practice in sexual offender risk assessment and management. Finally, the future of the polygraph is discussed in light of the presented empirical evidence.

    Ward, T. and Mann, R.E. and Gannon, T.A. (2007) The good lives model of offender rehabilitation: Clinical implications. Aggression and Violent Behavior: A Review Journal., 12 (1). pp. 87-107. ISSN 1359-1789.

    Abstract

    The major aim of the current paper is to expand on the practice elements of the Good Lives Model-Comprehensive (GLM-C) of offender rehabilitation and to provide a detailed examination of its assessment and treatment implications. First we discuss the notion of rehabilitation and the qualities a good theory of rehabilitation should possess. Second, the principles, etiological assumptions, and general treatment implications of the GLM-C are briefly described. Third, we outline in considerable detail the application of this novel perspective to the assessment and treatment of sexual offenders. Finally, we conclude the paper with a summary of the major benefits we envisage the GLM-C bringing to the rehabilitation of sexual offenders

    Ward, T. and Gannon, T.A. and Birgden, A. (2007) Human rights and the treatment of sex offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 19 (3). pp. 195-216. ISSN 1079-0632.

    Abstract

    Human rights create a protective zone around persons and allow them the opportunity to further their own valued personal projects without interference from others. All human beings hold human rights and that includes sex offenders, although some of their freedom rights may be legitimately curtailed by the State. In this paper we apply the concept of human rights to sex offenders. First we briefly analyze the concept of human rights, their structure, and justification. Second, we apply our own model of human rights to the assessment and treatment of sex offenders. We conclude that a significant advantage of a human rights approach is that it is able to integrate the value and capability aspects of offender treatment.

    Gannon, T.A. and Ward, T. and Collie, R. (2007) Cognitive distortions in child molesters: Theoretical and research developments over the past two decades. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12 (4). pp. 402-416. ISSN 1359-1789.

    Abstract

    Cognitive distortions have become an important focus for professionals working with child molesters since the early 1980s. In this paper, we describe and discuss both the theoretical and methodological developments of child molester's cognitive distortions that have evolved over the past two decades. We conclude that although theory and research development has been a little slow in this topic, several interesting theoretical and methodological developments have been made in recent years. We describe how we believe such developments will further increase the conceptual clarity of cognitive distortions and provide some suggestions for other future developments in this field.

    Gannon, T.A. (2006) Increasing honest responding on cognitive distortions in child molesters: The bogus pipeline procedure. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21 (3). pp. 358-375. ISSN 0886-2605.

    Abstract

    Professionals conclude that child molesters (CMs) hold offense-supportive beliefs (or cognitive distortions) from CMs' questionnaire responses. Because questionnaires are easily faked, we asked 32 CMs to complete a cognitive distortion scale under standard conditions (Time 1). A week later (Time 2), the same CMs completed the scale again. This time, approximately one half of CMs were attached to a pseudo lie detector (a bogus pipeline), and the rest completed the scale again under standard conditions (controls). At Time 1, CMs showed low cognitive distortion scores, seeming to indicate that they were faking good. At Time 2, bogus pipeline CMs seemed to believe that the apparatus could detect lies. However, this did not encourage more distorted belief disclosure compared with (a) their own previous scores and (b) controls. Furthermore, the bogus pipeline appeared to reduce cognitive distortion endorsements. The results stand in marked contrast to the common view that most CMs hold distorted beliefs.

    Gannon, T.A. and Polaschek, D.L.L. (2006) Cognitive distortions in child molesters: A re-examination of key theories and research. Clinical Psychology Review, 26 (8). pp. 1000-1019. ISSN 0272-7358.

    Abstract

    This review examines theory, research, and clinical practice relating to child molesters' cognitive distortions. First we review development of cognitive distortion theory and examine its epistemological usefulness. Then we critically evaluate available research evidence for current conceptualizations of cognitive distortions. This evaluation of the latest research suggests that clinical practice with child molesters has run ahead of scientific knowledge. We conclude that there is confusion about the exact nature of cognitive distortions, about the role that they play in sexual offending, and about what constitutes evidence of their existence. Although it seems likely that distorted cognition plays a role in some child molesters' offenses, our concern is that from a scientific standpoint, the majority of the research conducted cannot be used either to support or refute this view. We suggest that future research in this area should concentrate upon developing new methods and adapting methods established in other domains to enable measurement of child molesters' cognitive distortions in a more sophisticated way. Use of more diverse designs that better operationalize the construct of distorted cognition will ensure that future research (a) appreciably advances our knowledge of the scientific status of cognitive distortions in child molesters, and (b) promotes more effective empirically driven clinical practice with child molesters.

    Ward, T. and Vess, J. and Collie, R.M. et al. (2006) Risk management or goods promotion: The relationship between approach and avoidance goals in treatment for sex offenders. Aggression and Violent Behavior: A Review Journal., 11 (4). pp. 378-393. ISSN 1359-1789.

    Abstract

    In this paper, we propose that there is a direct relationship between risk management and goods (or goal) promotion in the treatment of sexual offenders. We argue that the causal conditions required to promote specific goods are likely, in turn, to eliminate or modify dynamic risk factors (i.e., criminogenic needs). First, the concepts of risk and goals are briefly discussed and their important dimensions clarified. Second, the relationship between criminogenic needs and goals are analyzed in depth. Third, we further clarify our arguments by focusing on four classes of criminogenic needs recently identified in the sexual offending literature: sexual self-regulation, offense supportive cognitions, level of interpersonal functioning, and general self-management problems. Finally, we conclude the paper with some suggestions for future research and treatment. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

    Ward, T. and Gannon, T.A. (2006) Rehabilitation, etiology, and self-regulation: The comprehensive good lives model of treatment for sexual offenders. Aggression and Violent Behavior: A Review Journal., 11. pp. 77-94. ISSN 1359-1789.

    Abstract

    In this paper, we draw upon two sets of theoretical resources to develop a comprehensive theory of sexual offender rehabilitation named the Good Lives Model-Comprehensive (GLM-C). The original Good Lives Model (GLM-O) forms the overarching values and principles guiding clinical practice in the GLM-C. In addition, the latest sexual offender theory (i.e., the Integrated Theory of Sexual Offending; ITSO) provides a clear etiological grounding for these principles. The result is a more substantial and improved rehabilitation model that is able to conceptually link latest etiological theory with clinical practice. Analysis of the GLM-C reveals that it also has the theoretical resources to secure currently used self-regulatory treatment practice within a meaningful structure. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

    Ward, T. and Gannon, T.A. and Keown, K. (2006) Beliefs, values, and action: The judgment model of cognitive distortions. . Aggression and Violent Behavior: A Review Journal, 11 (4). pp. 323-340. ISSN 1359-1789.

    Abstract

    In this paper, we present the Judgment Model of Cognitive Distortions (JMCD), a new model of cognitive distortions that spans multiple levels of analysis and contains different types of judgments. This model proposes that cognitive distortions tend to cluster together in what we have termed Thematic Networks (TN): judgments about beliefs, values, and actions. We argue that the three sets of judgments cover all types of cognitive distortions apparent in sexual offenders including those revolving around content (i.e., asserting characteristics to people, the offender, the world) and cognitive operations (i.e., denial, minimization, rationalizations). Following a description of the JMCD, we demonstrate how it can account for the cognitive schemata identified in sexual offenders by researchers and clinicians. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the clinical and research implications of the JMCD. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

    Gannon, T.A. and Wright, D.B. and Beech, A.R. et al. (2006) Do child molesters hold distorted beliefs? What does their memory recall tell us? Journal of Sexual Aggression, 12 (1). pp. 5-18. ISSN 1355-2600.

    Abstract

    Do child molesters hold distorted beliefs (or cognitive distortions) that support their sexual offending? To test this hypothesis, we asked 28 child molesters and 20 inmate controls to read a description of child molestation. Within this vignette, we planted 10 ambiguous descriptions. If child molesters' information processing were driven by cognitive distortions, we hypothesized that they would use this knowledge to disambiguate and cognitively distort each description. This was tested by examining participants' free recall of the vignette. Chi-square tests of association showed that both child molesters and inmate controls had various memory distortions for the vignette, but could not be differentiated based on the numbers of cognitive distortions in their recall classifications. In other words, our findings did not support the widely held cognitive distortion hypothesis—a finding which could promote substantial revision of both how we view child molesters' “cognitive distortions”, and how we treat them.

    Ward, T. and Gannon, T.A. and Keown, K. (2006) Beliefs, values, and action: The judgment model of cognitive distortions in sexual offenders. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11 (4). pp. 323-340. ISSN 1359-1789.

    Abstract

    In this paper, we present the Judgment Model of Cognitive Distortions (JMCD), a new model of cognitive distortions that spans multiple levels of analysis and contains different types of judgments. This model proposes that cognitive distortions tend to cluster together in what we have termed Thematic Networks (TN): judgments about beliefs, values, and actions. We argue that the three sets of judgments cover all types of cognitive distortions apparent in sexual offenders including those revolving around content (i.e., asserting characteristics to people, the offender, the world) and cognitive operations (i.e., denial, minimization, rationalizations). Following a description of the JMCD, we demonstrate how it can account for the cognitive schemata identified in sexual offenders by researchers and clinicians. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the clinical and research implications of the JMCD.

    Gannon, T.A. and Polaschek, D.L.L. (2005) Do child molesters deliberately fake good on cognitive distortion questionnaires? An information processing-based investigation. Sexual Abuse - A Journal of Research and Treatment, 17 (2). pp. 183-200. ISSN 1079-0632.

    Abstract

    Researchers and clinicians hypothesize that child molesters hold offence- supportive beliefs or cognitive distortions that require restructuring for successful rehabilitation. However, there is little empirical evidence to support this hypothesis. Current questionnaire measures of both untreated and treated child molesters' cognitive distortions show that these men typically disagree with cognitive distortions. Such findings, especially prior to treatment, are often interpreted to mean that child molesters are faking good. In this study we drew on personality-related research showing that when participants intentionally respond in a socially desirable way on questionnaires, they make faster item responses than when answering honestly. Untreated child molesters, treated child molesters, and two types of controls (nonsexual offenders and nonoffenders) were administered a computerized cognitive distortion questionnaire and their responses and response times were recorded. Consistent with previous research, all groups tended to disagree with the cognitive distortions. However, response time data were surprising; only the treated child molesters displayed the fake-good pattern of responding significantly faster in rejecting cognitive distortions. We speculate about the implications of these results for the cognitive distortion hypothesis, and for understanding how current treatment programs effect cognitive distortion change.

    Polaschek, D.L.L. and Gannon, T.A. (2004) The implicit theories of rapists: What convicted offenders tell us. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 16 (4). pp. 299-314. ISSN 1573-286X.

    Abstract

    Twenty years of research into sex offenders'' cognitive distortions has primarily focused on the measurement of distortions rather than on theorizing about the underlying structures that are responsible for generating and organizing them. Recently T. Ward (2000; T. Ward & T. Keenan, 1999) suggested that offenders have underlying causal theories about themselves, their victims, and broader categories of people (e.g., women and children), and that these implicit theories enable post hoc explanation as well as prediction of people''s actions and reactions. D. L. L. Polaschek and T. Ward (2002) examined rape-related attitudinal scales and constructed and outlined five core implicit theories. Here, we examined whether evidence for these five theories was also found in offense process descriptions generated from interviews with 37 imprisoned rapists. Coding of the descriptions revealed support for all five theories.

    Gannon, T.A. and Thornton, S. (2000) Deception, self deception, and the measurement of true beliefs in sex offenders. International Journal of Psychology, 35 (3-4). pp. 167-168. ISSN 0020-7594.

Book Sections

    Gannon, T.A. and Ó Ciardha, Caoilte (2012) Psychological Theories Related to Sexual Violence and Abuse. In: Postmus, J.L. Sexual Violence and Abuse: An Encyclopedia of Prevention, Impacts, and Recovery. ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, CA. (in press)

    Williams, S.E. and Gannon, T.A. and Ward, T. et al. (2008) Child Molester's Cognitive Distortions: A Brief Research Review. In: Tsai, J.P. Leading Edge Cognitive Disorders Research. Nova Science Publishers Inc, United States, pp. 155-168. ISBN 9781600218439.

    Gannon, T.A. and Ward, T. (2008) Rape: Psychopathology and Theory. In: Laws, R. and O'Donohue, W.T. Sexual Deviance : Theory, assessment, and treatment (2nd Edition). Guilford Publications, New York, pp. 336-355. ISBN 9781593856052.

    Thakker, J. and Collie, M. and Gannon, T.A. et al. (2008) Rape: Assessment and Treatment. In: Laws, R. and O'Donohue, W.T. Sexual Deviance : Theory, assessment, and treatment (2nd Edition). Guilford Publications, New York, pp. 356-383. ISBN 9781593856052.

    Collie, R.M. and Ward, T. and Gannon, T.A. et al. (2008) Rape assessment. In: Calder, M.C. Complete guide to sexual abuse assessment. Russell House Publishing Ltd, United Kingdom. ISBN 9781905541287.

    Gannon, T.A. and Gilchrist, E. and Wade, K.A. (2008) Intrafamilial child and adolescent sexual abuse. In: Hilarski, C. and Wodarski, J.S. and Feit, M. Handbook of social work in child and adolescent sexual abuse. Routledge, New York, pp. 71-101. ISBN 9780789032010.

    Ward, T. and Keown, K. and Gannon, T.A. (2007) Cognitive distortions as belief, value and action judgements. In: Gannon, T.A. and Ward, T. and Beech, A.R. et al. Aggressive offenders cognition: Theory research and practice. Wiley Series in Forensic Clinical Psychology. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chichester, UK, pp. 53-70. ISBN 9780470034026.

    Gannon, T.A. and Ward, T. and Beech, A.R. et al. (2007) Introduction. In: Gannon, T.A. and Ward, T. and Beech, A.R. et al. Aggressive offenders’ cognition: Theory research and practice. Wiley Series in Forensic Clinical Psychology. John Wiley, Chichester, pp. 1-9. ISBN 0470034025.

    Gannon, T.A. and Wood, J.L. (2007) Child sexual abuse-related cognition: Current Research. In: Gannon, T.A. and Ward, T. and Beech, A.R. et al. Aggressive offenders’ cognition: Theory research and practice. Wiley Series in Forensic Clinical Psychology. John Wiley, Chichester, pp. 71-91. ISBN 9780470034026.

    Collie, R.M. and Ward, T. and Gannon, T.A. (2006) The management of sex offenders: Introducing a good lives approach. In: McAnulty, R.D. and Burnette, M. Sex and Sexuality. Praeger Publishers Inc, US, New York, pp. 179-206. ISBN 9780275985813.

    Polaschek, D.L.L. and Ward, T. and Gannon, T.A. (2006) Violent sex offenders. In: Hilarski, C. and Wodarski, J. Comprehensive mental health practice with sex offenders and their families. Haworth Press, Binghamptom, NY. ISBN 9780789025425.

    Gannon, T.A. and Polaschek, D.L.L. and Ward, T. (2005) Social cognition and sexual offenders. In: McMurran, M. and McGuire, J. Social Problem Solving and Offending: Evidence, Evaluation, and Evolution. Wiley Series in Forensic Clinical Psychology. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chichester, United Kingdom, pp. 223-248. ISBN 978-0470864067.

    Gannon, T.A. and Ward, T. and Polaschek, D.L.L. (2004) Child sexual offenders. In: Connolly, M. Violence in Society: New Zealand Perspectives. Te Awatea Press, Christchurch, pp. 31-47. ISBN 978-0476007901.

Conference Items
Edited Books
Total publications in KAR: 60 [See all in KAR]
Information obtained from the Kent Academic Repository. The University of Kent official repository of academic activity.
More information about the Kent Academic Repository

Current research students

Emily Blake: Emily is investigating the empathy deficits of child molesters. In particular, she is interested in child molesters' ability to identify children's emotional expressions as well as child molesters' ability to perspective take.

Phoebe Smith

Nichola Tyler

Past research students

Dr Kirsten Keown (Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand) obtained her PhD in 2009. Kirsten’s PhD investigated the offence-supportive beliefs (or cognitive distortions) of male child molesters using cognitive-experimental tasks such as the lexical decision task. Email her to find out more: keownkirs@student.vuw.ac.nz.

2009

T Gannon
British Academy
Towards attending the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers 28th Annual Conference 2009

£400

Dec 2006

May 2008

T Gannon
What were they thinking? The cognition of women who sexually abuse children

£80,683

 

T Gannon
Faculty of Science Small Grant Fund, VUW New Zealand
Linking thinking: What child molesters really think about children

$3,000

 

D. L. L. Polaschek, T. A. Gannon, (joint project managers) & T. Ward
University Research Fund, VUW New Zealand
Assessing offence supportive beliefs in sexual offenders

$20,000

 

Theresa Gannon and Elizabeth Gilchrist
The British Academy Small Grants Scheme, UK.
Assessing adolescent offenders’ offence supportive cognition using picture recognition

£ 7,497

2003

2004

Theresa Gannon (Co-Investigator)
University Research Fund VUW New Zealand
Offence supportive beliefs in child molesters: Fact or fiction?

$19,800

1998

1999

Theresa Gannon
Home Office Research Development Grant
Experimental approaches to sexual offending

£ 1,750

Programme Director of the MSc in Forensic Psychology

SP847 Forensic Cognition: Theory, Research and Practice (Module convenor)

SP809 Research Project in Forensic Psychology (Module convenor).

Project supervision

I am interested in supervising projects examining cognitive-experimental assessments of:

  • Violent offenders
  • Child sexual offenders
  • Rapists
  • Rape prone men's beliefs
  • Attitudes towards sexual offenders
  • Female-perpetrated violence.

Director of the Forensic-Cognitive Research Laboratory

Chartered Forensic Psychologist

Forensic Psychologist at the Trevor Gibbens Unit

Co-Lead of the conference committee for the forthcoming Division of Forensic Psychology Conference to be hosted at Kent in 2010.

Editorial work

Member of the Editorial Board for Aggression and Violent Behavior, British Journal of Forensic Practice, International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, and the Open Criminology Journal.

Associate Editor of Journal of Sexual Aggression

Lead editor for Special Issue of Psychology Crime and Law: Offender Cognition and Emotion

Edited Books

School of Psychology
Keynes College
University of Kent
Canterbury, Kent
CT2 7NP
United Kingdom

Tel. +44 (0)1227 824827
Fax. +44 (0)1227 827030
Email: T.A.Gannon@kent.ac.uk

Office: Keynes E1.18
Office Hours: Please email for an appointment

School of Psychology - Keynes College, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NP

Tel: +44 (0)1227 824775; Fax: +44 (0)1227 827030 or Email the School

Last Updated: 22/02/2012